naive scientist vs cognitive misercredit karma spend account turbotax

/F2 22 0 R I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. De Neys . Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R /LastChar 116 /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 /F1 21 0 R >> /Producer -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. /GS8 28 0 R /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R >> What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? /Tabs /S 2 0 obj perception of our world. 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) >> -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. What is conformity? The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. Everything you always wanted to know. [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. 10 0 obj Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F3 23 0 R -Becoming less pervasive How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors On what dimensions do cultures differ? [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R Introducing Cram Folders! The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. /Contents 41 0 R What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? /FirstChar 32 as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /F3 23 0 R (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. What is social contagion? When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. -Out group: (them) /Subtype /TrueType 7,000 & 6,000 \\ >> >> Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. >> Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /Tabs /S >> 6 0 obj But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. /Worksheet /Part Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /Parent 2 0 R /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') 1 0 obj >> 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. Sandrine . [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. << /CS /DeviceRGB endobj /S /Transparency This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. /Type /StructElem 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . /CS /DeviceRGB [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. What is an internal versus an external attribution? -Tied to these beliefs /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] endobj /Font << -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) /Font << they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? /F2 22 0 R by Emma2201, Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. /Resources << /Contents 42 0 R be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our Rationality and the reflective mind . Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. /Contents 36 0 R /Macrosheet /Part %PDF-1.4 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 /Font << /GS8 28 0 R (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. 18 0 obj /ExtGState << Contents. Describe his findings. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. /ExtGState << What are its real world consequences? This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /Encoding /Identity-H Jonathan A. . Gordon . [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. June 30, 2022 . membership. /LastChar 32 [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. You have created 2 folders. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. /GS8 28 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] /ExtGState << HWKoFW. Explain the significance of Rossi . 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /Tabs /S DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. /F2 22 0 R Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. /Type /Group /Type /Page >> The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. >> endobj /F4 24 0 R This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. -Conformity: a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. What is diffusion of responsibility? Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. /Subtype /TrueType /Type /Page Please select the correct language below. affects which beliefs and rules we test What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. certain conditions. What is what? How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /F4 24 0 R Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. >> /Tabs /S What is deindividuation? In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. >> Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /ExtGState << Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? /Type /Font -Examples: sports events. >> /F1 21 0 R 72 0 R] 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /GS8 28 0 R This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. /ParentTree 19 0 R << How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? The process of understanding what something is by knowing Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. /Tabs /S Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. ]}|Mb7*_JH G]$@6=/}Cuqpm ~^n#KJGX+]'4T5.$-g-'A/u3= kq^L%D-fU_gH,P(VZZi(c5T/W i4SUk^] H/r*5F[r &w0+p\G&:'5%DQm 8uhR6. This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. /Resources << What is the best treatment for groupthink? /Font << /Marked true Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? /Group << Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /Font << /F1 21 0 R -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one /S /Part /InlineShape /Sect ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question >> endobj /F2 22 0 R How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? Houd . People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] /Endnote /Note /Type /Group /Type /Page ]"&4v Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous How did Asch study conformity? >> what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? /GS8 28 0 R z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U . -Responses varied across cultures The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /Type /Pages In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. /Parent 2 0 R Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. /F3 23 0 R July 2015 . -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do /Diagram /Figure 238 0 R 239 0 R] What is "lowballing?" "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. based on similarity. /Resources << /S /Transparency /Group << -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. /ca 1 [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. << Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. By James M. Olson, Mark P. Zanna, C. Peter Herman. These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. 2 . -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. economic zones to fisheries. /Tabs /S /StructParents 2 /Group << Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work Jennifer A. . endobj /Type /Font continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /Resources << [9][pageneeded]. /F1 21 0 R Aug 2016. /Parent 2 0 R /F3 23 0 R Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 In par-ticular, this need . What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? 2011 . /ExtGState << 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 4,000 & 9,000 \\ However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /Contents 39 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] What is social comparison theory? >> << -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. /StructParents 12 [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. Please sign in to share these flashcards. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] /Resources << /GS7 27 0 R

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