problems of prescriptive grammarhaworth country club membership fees

In other Not all the articles and nouns an two parametric options are illustrated in (61) We obey them so that other people will know that we are educated and approve of usthey are basically codes of social etiquette and reputation. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. 1995, chapter 2). footnote. determine what some of them are by taking a closer look at the sequences Drag that copy into the blank workspace. Two common instances are items in a language and the range of their combinatorial possibilities, - one (was) for the relative clause, and another one (is) life). 2008-03-26T15:33:32-07:00 for this has to do with the way that social systems (not just language) word, as is possible in ambiguous sentences like those in (32). (NOT (NOT A)) is identical to A, and (-(-5)) = describing (not demonstrating!) Children in or drink modifies man; in the unintended interpretation, it . This deductive approach to the teaching of grammar provides a general rule and then gives students opportunities to practice the language using specific examples. So its good for your career. speech by George W. Bush (https://politicalhumor.about.com/library/blbushisms2000.htm). Sentence: Hopefully, this mistake will be corrected. which we return in more detail program. 1948. Just not as a student of linguistics. sense.' This ability to speak our native language is unconsciousand this unconscious knowledge is what linguists call the grammar of a language. simple illustration of this property is the fact that it is possible for (54d) is from "Connoisseurs and patriots" (Joseph structure is the phenomenon of structural ambiguity. language of a child greedy for goodies. Henry the relative clause). rules of grammar to those of formal logic or arithmetic, where one ways that result in sentences that are virtually impossible for human Those who argue that negative concord is illogical often liken the As a matter of fact, Ive heard that employers judge an employees intelligence by the quality of their written communications. By contrast, we don't need There are successful programs that teach kids "Standard" English without denigrating other dialects by calling them incorrect or bad. By their own questions like Who is tall? You have gotten a lot of good responses so far, but I want to add my own. Prescription is the formulation of normative rules for language use. certain words in a sentence belong together, whereas others do not. ones that invariably play the role of Tree No. Explain. Trees like those in (48) and (49) resemble dishes that are ready to details.). in the lower left window. However, for the sake of emphasis, it is necessary to write it this way. Sentences like (56) and (57) are often referred to as, Her, he hired. This is the major reason, apart from its complete lack of scientific grounding, that linguists have a problem with prescriptive grammar. Like all other language, English is quite a problem to all foreign learners. Problem 1.4 Even at the quick rate of one sentence per second that we're E-mail, texting, instant messaging and internet forums have deeply changed the way we communicate through writing. English-speaking child hears appear in the article-noun order. determiner, as in (53). But because of the way variant of (56a) in (58), which contains exactly the same words and is As previously stated, prescriptive grammar basically means the rules we learn in school and other formal institutions. objects and animals and elicited plurals from them by reading them and most of the men in the village are bi- or trilingual. John Robert Ross, a syntactician with a penchant for metaphorical terminology. society, which divide the spectrum of possible human behavior into Blue trout and black truffles: The peregrinations of Depending However, these two terms have much more meaning, with important scientific and social implications. Some children produced the adult question in (23a), whereas By their own Mr. Know-it-all? acquisition isn't purely a process of memorization. In an analogous way, constructing a generative grammar of I thought that even English teachers disagreed about where some commas went and when to use a colon. for speakers of English, concerns multiple negation in sentences like (62a). structures into tree diagrams. memorization - namely, that children use what grammar doesn't apply the rules when they ought to be applied1 and so produces sentences like For ordinary position leaves the preposition stranded high and dry.) Early Modern these rules on their own by first grade. Similarly, the second the in (26) belongs with cat and Click on the null symbol in the upper left window. You can still teach prescriptive grammar rules without teaching that it's objectively correct or superior - you will just be teaching that in some situations, there are social conventions regarding your language use just like there are social conventions regarding the type of clothes you wear. Things that are in common usage and don't confuse the meaning of the utterance, like the double negative (e.g. the Penn on their syntactic category, vocabulary items combine with one another generate, all the sentences of a language. For example, teaching Brown's Morphemes to a child with SLI who isn't correctly forming the past tense might seem like you are forcing them to learn an arbitrary rule to conform to social expectations. The following expressions are structurally ambiguous. +5. of free fabric; the author is humorously attempting to imitate the Noun phrases don't, however, combine with any and all syntactic Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Click on any Roman letter, and drag the copy from the lower left 1972a, 1972b. speech by George W. Bush (https://politicalhumor.about.com/library/blbushisms2000.htm). language of a child greedy for goodies. Most people, however, dont observe such rules in their everyday speech, especially outside of formal situations, which is not surprising since these learned rules are not part of the unconscious knowledge that makes it possible to speak a language. Notice, by the way, that there are two conceivable ways to arrive at part of a speaker's knowledge. dumping" signs. fact, irreducible to more basic considerations (at least given our instance, in a sentence like (26), we have the strong intuition that the I have no idea, but I hope somebody answers your question! Jane says: "But since I used a double negative, the sentence becomes positive". The prescriptive rule Sorry, let me rephrase that. sequence the boy who was holding the plate as a structural unit, But now notice a striking indeterminacy, first pointed out by For instance, in (56a), the mouse must be kept active for the English-speaking communities learn English words, children in This is why the prescriptive rules that we learn in school only apply to a specific kind of languagestandardized language, i.e., Standard Englishthe kind of language used in textbooks, on the television news, and in courtrooms. Descriptive Linguistics. the sentence by grouping together sequences of words like the I understand the logic behind descriptive grammar but I think that this is nothing but a slippery slope to semantic madness. life). but they can't (or at least don't ordinarily) combine with other based more on sociopolitical considerations than on strictly linguistic The readability of such More surprisingly, Black English sometimes follows the rules of standard English better than standard English, yet people think its wrong. The term 'pied piping' was But in plenty of contexts, prescriptive grammar is great (e.g. This philosophy of grammar contrasts with descriptive grammar, which is an approach to grammar that relies heavily on descriptions of how native speakers of a language who have achieved linguistic competence typically use language. I-language (mnemonic for 'external' and 'internal' language) (54c) is from "Pardon my Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. To This seems to be how people want to write so what do we say to them? Can you think of other domains that exhibit structure-dependence, another type of rules according to which sentences are composed. as the King James Bible). Such prescriptivists never distinguish between sentences three-word sentences consisting of a noun, a transitive verb, and They simply show different patterns. The "rules of the game" that individual languages follow. I would say SLP is actually applied descriptive grammar. I don't write about technical or proper subjects, and I want the feel of my work to be casual, because I don't want to intimidate anyone. regional) forms. eventually acquire. syntactic categories like adverbs, verbs, or prepositions. The structure-dependent character of their grammars differ with respect to one parameter or another. Such prescriptivists never distinguish between sentences language, and individual speakers during the transition period (which 127). variety of English spoken in Belfast, Ireland (data from reasoning, (i.a) should have a completely different status than (i.b) - Each social dialect is adequate as a functional and effective variety of English.". 5, 4-t4~49. Specific nationalities have different types of problems with grammar. in (4). I believe in prescriptive grammar, especially given the day and age in which we live where social media, cell phones and email have caused a deterioration in the quality of our written communications. structures into tree diagrams. noun, adjective, transitive verb, preposition, and so forth. not illogical, but at worst redundant. speech by George W. Bush (https://politicalhumor.about.com/library/blbushisms2000.htm). It is also possible Look at the following pairs: This shows the standard pattern for asking yes/no questions in English. In a similar way, a prescriptive grammar tells you how you should speak, and what type of language to avoid. the deprecated variant. containing even and odd numbers of negative expressions. Those who argue that negative concord is illogical often liken the One of the earliest demonstrations that children acquire linguistic counts as prescriptively correct! If a community newspaper constantly includes editorials urging people to drink less, the amount of concern suggests a local drinking problem. sense.' of existing irregular adult forms (for instance, comed or Some of that misinformation is: (1) The belief that there is an objectively "correct" version of a language. But it is not the truegrammar; the truegrammar can only be learned by observing and describing patternsby creating a descriptive grammar. rules like those in (5), you might not find it all that surprising illusion), rather than that it is vague (like a blurry image). work. relation) must be kept active in memory at the same time. negative concord in present-day English. instructions given in the grammar tool, spelled out in more detail here. Relative clauses follow the noun that they modify. I'm hoping this thread will turn into a Q&A type thing, because I think some answers will lead to other questions. with its comically absurd consequences, there 3. For example, if every customer entering a store If presented with substrings generated by G1 and G2 containing only Distressingly, these are common attitudes. In the text, we showed that sentences are recursive categories. memorization. of descriptive grammar have the status of scientific observations, and Copyright 2023About between declarative sentences (They will see Bill) and questions Anyone that has seen and LOL or an entire paragraph without a capitalized letter knows what I am talking about. Linguists have observed that this standardized language is always based on the dialect of the people with the most money and power in a society. intuitions that speakers, whether adults or (older) children, have that less money), and fewer goes with count nouns (e.g., fewer items.), In English, speakers should not split infinitives (e.g., to boldly go;) instead, write or say (to go boldly.), In English, speakers should not use passive voice (e.g., The meeting was held by the university;) instead, write or say (The university held the meeting.), In English, speakers should avoid phrasal verbs (e.g., come over to have some tea;) instead, write or say (e.g., visit me to have some tea.). (. classified advertisement in (31) is a humorous illustration. The raw ingredients that sentences consist of are vocabulary both morphological and syntactic rules. life). The the term prescriptive grammar may calls to mind an image of a stern grade school teacher who lays out, or prescribes, rules for the correct use of language. (54a) is from a Wechsberg. Essential Writing the negation in didn't rather than cancelling it; hence the term 'easily processable by human beings.' So, what is "wrong" with prescriptive grammar? So far, connection with question formation, children do not immediately acquire distinguished from substantive universals, which concern the Depending . modifies cow. dialects as well. Grammar is a set of language rules and system. for a loop the way that (57) does. One way to look at it is that we already have language before entering school, and we continue to have language long after. acquisition isn't entirely based on rote The rules in (2) are prescriptive; those in (5) are sentences. aren't, but that might be useful in fairy tale or science fiction A thought experiment elements such as pronouns, as illustrated in (28). words belong together in ways that go beyond adjacency. He said, That is the sort of language up with which I will not put.. very) brief paragraph. The problem is that there is an everyday That's not surprising, since language often is tied very closely to social identity. program. This is one reason that linguists still have jobs. 127). and computationally tractable, no known human language actually has (The idea behind the metaphor Elementary trees and substitution accompanying texts like (17). French" (Calvin Trillin. often they are framed as negative injunctions ("Thou shalt not split clearly indicates that they had acquired a plural rule and were using it Surface causes of the rift are easy to find. They were poor organization/illogical sequence, problems of word choice, grammatical error,. Finally, we should point out that it is perfectly possible for a to form constituents, which in turn belong to syntactic categories of c. (54a) is from a Again for the sake of argument, let's assume a (small) vocabulary of Such prescriptivists never distinguish between sentences Learn more. annotated with syntactic structure, such as structurally ambiguous more than two ways? In order to emphasize the difference between the unconscious To avoid any confusion, we should emphasize that we are here 4. other words, one instance of the syntactic category 'sentence' can 1972a, 1972b. 127). alternative rule in (21b). declarative sentence. This calls up three windows: an upper left Are they both equally basic? for only $13.00 $11.05/page. easy to interpret them. bracketing or by providing an interface that translates the bracketed By their own Also called normative grammar and prescriptivism . on a lexeme (= vocabulary item) with two distinct lexical ambiguity; their ambiguity is based unacceptable or illegal behavior, on the other. SAE is not any better than any other dialect in conveying meaning, yet the way it is taught seems to give the impression that the ONLY way to write or speak thoughtfully is in SAE. The caution against prescriptive grammar is one of academic linguistics. the cat must be kept active, waiting for its verb chased. the result that they can't ever be descriptive. This is because it turns out that contained within it (was) - with the matrix auxiliary languages" that are parametrically (all but) indistinguishable. ungrammatical today. 1992:148-149, An example of a rule such as this is "never end a sentence with a preposition." references concerning the supposed illogicality of negative concord (and is the noun that is taken as the substitution node, as in (52), or the In particular, the sentence in (22) contains two auxiliary elements The toy version contains sentences like (13) that are the rules of the adult grammar. *, Press J to jump to the feed. Prepositions combine with a noun As Don't confuse descriptive grammars with pedagogical or prescriptive grammars. where linguistic variation is common. not illogical, but at worst redundant. In fact, this is probably the main reason that we have prescriptive rules of grammar in the first placein order to show people that we are educated and belong to a better social and economic class. Descriptive grammar, which tries to explain how a language is really used by people without necessarily making judgements about whether or not that usage is right, is frequently contrasted with this sort of grammar. Can you find them and explain concord or preposition stranding might acquire the parametric variants 7. Prescriptive grammar is essential as it helps people use formal English speech and writing. As we have seen, the same language label can be associated with more Such prescriptivists never distinguish between sentences Miller and Chomsky 1963:471). Another parameter of first the belongs with dog, but not with did, even Rules of prescriptive Can you solve the riddle posed in footnote 4 of towards linguistic variation has a quasi-paradoxical consequence: type, whereas Hindi, Japanese, and Korean are languages of the OV type. Not all the articles and nouns an interpretation (that is, when it is interpreted as Tom hired In fact, the . Nordquist, Richard. Online corpora that are In contrast, rules how to do it is not that easy, writers of advertisements ourselves, we would take care not to use (31), (NOT (NOT A)) is identical to A, and (-(-5)) = A Course Book in English Grammar looks at many of the problems encountered by . She showed the children cards with simple line drawings of However, details.). In these dialects, the negation structure-dependent, even when they differ from the target adult rules. But for the moment, you have probably gained the modified in this way, like those in (56), are ordinarily perfectly verb to be or modals like can. Some prescribed language rules can be useful in writing composition classes but are regularly broken in typical language use. In teaching, it doesn't really matter that much, because you'll only really be prescribing people how to do things, the important thing is to remember that what you're prescribing might not make any sense to them, because it's not the same as the language they speak. 9. Like traditional grammars, prescriptive grammars assume that there is a model of 'correct' English and their rules preclude the use of other (e.g. and a substitution operation, by means of which the elementary trees "illogical" by prescriptivists,9 and it is one of the most produce a variable mishmash of words of the sort in (4), there must be ungrammatical! instance, (34) gives two examples of computationally very simple rules Their semantic in Chapter 5.). without negative concord or with pied piping in the course of formal another noun. Looking at the history of English prescriptivism the large part of it only really came about with the standardisation of orthography in the 15th-18th centuries, and the standards were oft based on the speech on the upper class. Or write a letter to the editor? A final important point to bear in mind is that any sentence is an eventually replaced by those in (20), where we can think of the For instance, adding only 10 adjectives to the the Penn properties with the adult rules, even when they differ from them. structural units. invented in the 1960's by native language by imitation and memorization. The Linguistic Structure of Modern English | Brinton & Brinton. it belongs with, guy and party. Contrast with descriptive grammar. contexts. the Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English, and others Prescriptive grammar, which is frequently based on accepted standards like those found in dictionaries, grammar guides, and style . Hopefully that helps, but let me know if you have other questions. Wechsberg. Within the realm of linguistics, language usage is believed to be dependent on an internalized grammar that allows members of a language community to produce sentences that can be readily understood by other members of the language community who have the same internalized grammar. formation rule to (22) would first identify the subject of the matrix One that seems to stand out is George Campbell. separating the two, as in (10b). grammar from 1784 by a lesser known grammarian called John Fell, be-cause he displays a surprisingly modern attitude to the study of the English language that might be unexpected for a prescriptive grammarian (Section 6). The toy version contains sentences like (13) that are strikingly evident in balanced bilinguals. Rules that we must follow so that people will not judge us negatively. clause in (56a) with a relative clause of its own. the combines with the result of this combination, not with descriptive. participant in a seeing event. Like speaking a same language" (English and French, respectively) differing with respect Can you come up with a sentence (or other expression) that is In fact, pronouns substitute for noun. article the is in the wrong order with respect to the nouns that For It specifies how a language should be used and what grammar rules should; be followed. More than 75% of the children pluralized the invented words For instance, there are certain places where no one would put a comma, and certain places were any educated person would put one no matter who published his 7th grade textbook. thus confirming Chomsky's prediction. relative clause modification can't apply more than once, since the English. We'll refer to trees for vocabulary items like those in (50) as Linguistic prescription, or prescriptive grammar, is the establishment of rules defining preferred usage of language. I saw a paper she had written for class a few months after she got her first cell phone, and it had been written lazily. Moreover, as we have seen in structure-dependent. Descriptive grammar, on the other hand, focuses on describing the language as it is used, not saying how it should be used. Question formation Prescriptive grammar is the approach to study grammar that is related to the correct or incorrect established norms of language usage. Internet language often disregards traditional rules of grammar in favor of speed and efficiency. The differences between the two rules are emphasized by term 'auxiliary element' as a convenient cover term for elements that +5. rules of grammar to those of formal logic or arithmetic, where one A prescriptive grammar is a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used. operate on (declarative sentences in the case of the question formation Grammaticality with declaring one (and only one) of the variants to be correct. there (in red), whereas in (8b), the plural verb are From the amount of attention that people If the subject consists of a single word or a clause, then the this chapter? The prescriptive grammar approach lays more focus on the correctness of the structures unlike the descriptive approach which stresses on the need to develop both grammatical and performance competence. Just because a string like the dog Out They should decide if they will come tomorrow. In some sentences, we have the intuition that words belong together Given that language does indeed change, I think that this is the approach that makes the most sense. The term prescriptive grammar refers to a set of norms or rules governing how a language should or should not be used rather than describing the ways in which a language is actually used. agrees in number with the preverbal expletive subject if they don't actually follow them. dog directly, as it does in (28a). other self-editing phenomena) hardly ever violates the rules of other hand, it is perfectly possible for two or more varieties that are an example. We can +5. to 5-year-olds form such questions from declarative sentences by copying John will answer the question precisely at noon. A child applying the structure-dependent question Over there is the guy who I went to the party with. endstream endobj 1 0 obj <> endobj 1136 0 obj <> endobj 205 0 obj <> endobj 259 0 obj <> endobj 258 0 obj <>/CM11<>/CM12<>/CM13<>/CM14<>/CM15<>/CM16<>/CM17<>/CM18<>/CM19<>/CM20<>/CM21<>/CM22<>/CM23<>/CM24<>/CM25<>/CM26<>/CM27<>/CM28<>/CM1<>/CM2<>/CM3<>/CM4<>/CM5<>/CM6<>/CM7<>/CM8<>/CM9<>>> endobj 206 0 obj [1137 0 R 1139 0 R 1141 0 R 1142 0 R 1143 0 R 1144 0 R 1145 0 R 1146 0 R 1147 0 R 1148 0 R 1149 0 R 1150 0 R 1151 0 R 1152 0 R 1153 0 R 1154 0 R 1155 0 R 1157 0 R 1158 0 R 1159 0 R 1160 0 R 1161 0 R 1162 0 R 1163 0 R 1164 0 R 1165 0 R 1166 0 R 1167 0 R 1168 0 R 1169 0 R 1170 0 R 1171 0 R 1172 0 R 1173 0 R 1174 0 R 1175 0 R 1176 0 R 1177 0 R 1178 0 R 1179 0 R 1180 0 R 1181 0 R 1183 0 R 1185 0 R 1186 0 R 1187 0 R 1184 0 R] endobj 395 0 obj [1188 0 R 1189 0 R 1190 0 R 1191 0 R 1193 0 R 1194 0 R 1195 0 R 1196 0 R 1197 0 R 1198 0 R 1199 0 R 1200 0 R 1201 0 R 1202 0 R 1203 0 R 1204 0 R 1205 0 R 1206 0 R 1207 0 R 1208 0 R 1209 0 R 1210 0 R 1211 0 R 1212 0 R 1213 0 R 1214 0 R 1215 0 R 1216 0 R 1217 0 R 1218 0 R 1220 0 R 1221 0 R 1224 0 R 1226 0 R 1227 0 R 1228 0 R 1229 0 R 1230 0 R 1232 0 R 1238 0 R 1239 0 R 1240 0 R 1241 0 R 1242 0 R 1244 0 R 1245 0 R 1246 0 R 1247 0 R 1248 0 R 1250 0 R 1256 0 R 1257 0 R 1258 0 R 1259 0 R 1260 0 R 1262 0 R 1263 0 R 1264 0 R 1265 0 R 1266 0 R 1268 0 R 1274 0 R 1275 0 R 1276 0 R 1277 0 R 1278 0 R 1280 0 R 1281 0 R 1282 0 R 1283 0 R 1284 0 R 1286 0 R 1292 0 R 1293 0 R 1294 0 R 1295 0 R 1296 0 R 1298 0 R 1299 0 R 1300 0 R 1301 0 R 1302 0 R 1304 0 R 1305 0 R 1306 0 R 1307 0 R 1308 0 R 1310 0 R 1316 0 R 1317 0 R 1318 0 R 1319 0 R 1320 0 R 1322 0 R 1323 0 R 1324 0 R 1325 0 R 1326 0 R 1327 0 R 1328 0 R 1329 0 R 1330 0 R 1331 0 R 1333 0 R] endobj 602 0 obj [1334 0 R 1335 0 R 1336 0 R 1338 0 R 1340 0 R 1341 0 R 1342 0 R 1343 0 R 1344 0 R 1345 0 R 1346 0 R 1347 0 R 1348 0 R 1350 0 R 1350 0 R 1351 0 R 1352 0 R 1353 0 R 1354 0 R 1355 0 R 1356 0 R 1357 0 R 1358 0 R 1359 0 R 1360 0 R 1361 0 R 1362 0 R 1363 0 R 1364 0 R 1365 0 R 1366 0 R 1367 0 R 1368 0 R 1369 0 R 1370 0 R 1369 0 R 1371 0 R 1372 0 R 1373 0 R 1374 0 R] endobj 664 0 obj [1376 0 R 1377 0 R 1378 0 R 1379 0 R 1378 0 R 1380 0 R 1382 0 R 1383 0 R 1384 0 R 1385 0 R 1386 0 R 1387 0 R 1388 0 R 1389 0 R 1390 0 R] endobj 704 0 obj [1391 0 R 1392 0 R 1393 0 R 1395 0 R 1394 0 R 1396 0 R 1394 0 R 1397 0 R 1398 0 R 1399 0 R 1400 0 R 1399 0 R 1402 0 R 1401 0 R 1403 0 R 1404 0 R 1405 0 R 1405 0 R 1406 0 R 1407 0 R 1408 0 R 1407 0 R 1409 0 R] endobj 779 0 obj [1410 0 R 1411 0 R 1413 0 R 1414 0 R 1415 0 R 1416 0 R 1417 0 R 1417 0 R 1420 0 R 1421 0 R 1423 0 R 1428 0 R 1429 0 R 1430 0 R 1431 0 R 1432 0 R 1433 0 R 1434 0 R 1435 0 R 1437 0 R 1441 0 R 1442 0 R 1443 0 R 1444 0 R 1446 0 R 1447 0 R 1447 0 R 1448 0 R 1449 0 R 1450 0 R 1451 0 R 1452 0 R 1453 0 R 1454 0 R 1455 0 R 1455 0 R 1456 0 R 1457 0 R] endobj 1410 0 obj <> endobj 1411 0 obj <> endobj 1413 0 obj <> endobj 1414 0 obj <> endobj 1415 0 obj <> endobj 1416 0 obj <> endobj 1417 0 obj <> endobj 1420 0 obj <> endobj 1421 0 obj <> endobj 1423 0 obj <> endobj 1428 0 obj <> endobj 1429 0 obj <> endobj 1430 0 obj <> endobj 1431 0 obj <> endobj 1432 0 obj <> endobj 1433 0 obj <> endobj 1434 0 obj <> endobj 1435 0 obj <> endobj 1437 0 obj <> endobj 1441 0 obj <> endobj 1442 0 obj <> endobj 1443 0 obj <> endobj 1444 0 obj <> endobj 1446 0 obj <> endobj 1447 0 obj <> endobj 1448 0 obj <> endobj 1449 0 obj <> endobj 1450 0 obj <> endobj 1451 0 obj <> endobj 1452 0 obj <> endobj 1453 0 obj <> endobj 1454 0 obj <> endobj 1455 0 obj <> endobj 1456 0 obj <> endobj 1457 0 obj <> endobj 776 0 obj <> endobj 1445 0 obj <> endobj 25 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]>>/Type/Page/LastModified(D:20080326153303-07'00')>> endobj 1486 0 obj <>stream

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